IMAP Extensions Working Group M. Crispin INTERNET-DRAFT: IMAP SORT K. Murchison Document: internet-drafts/draft-ietf-imapext-sort-11.txt December 2002 INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - SORT AND THREAD EXTENSION Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt To view the list Internet-Draft Shadow Directories, see http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. A revised version of this document will be submitted to the RFC editor as an Informational Document for the Internet Community. A revised version of this draft document will be submitted to the RFC editor as a Proposed Standard for the Internet Community. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested, and should be sent to ietf-imapext@IMC.ORG. This document will expire before 12 June 2003. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document describes the base-level server-based sorting and threading extension to the [IMAP] protocol. This extension provides substantial performance improvements for IMAP clients which offer sorted and threaded views. A server which supports the base-level SORT extension indicates this with a capability name which starts with "SORT". Future, upwards- compatible extensions to the SORT extension will all start with Crispin [Page 1] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 "SORT", indicating support for this base level. A server which supports this extension indicates this with one or more capability names consisting of "THREAD=" followed by a supported threading algorithm name as described in this document. This provides for future upwards-compatible extensions. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS]. Crispin [Page 2] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 Base Subject Text Subject sorting and threading use the "base subject," which has specific subject artifacts of deployed Internet mail software removed. Due to the complexity of these artifacts, the formal syntax for the subject extraction rules is ambiguous. The following procedure is followed to determine the actual "base subject" which is used to sort by subject: (1) Convert any RFC 2047 encoded-words in the subject to UTF-8 as described in "internationalization considerations." Convert all tabs and continuations to space. Convert all multiple spaces to a single space. (2) Remove all trailing text of the subject that matches the subj-trailer ABNF, repeat until no more matches are possible. (3) Remove all prefix text of the subject that matches the subj-leader ABNF. (4) If there is prefix text of the subject that matches the subj-blob ABNF, and removing that prefix leaves a non-empty subj-base, then remove the prefix text. (5) Repeat (3) and (4) until no matches remain. Note: it is possible to defer step (2) until step (6), but this requires checking for subj-trailer in step (4). (6) If the resulting text begins with the subj-fwd-hdr ABNF and ends with the subj-fwd-trl ABNF, remove the subj-fwd-hdr and subj-fwd-trl and repeat from step (2). (7) The resulting text is the "base subject" used in the SORT. All servers and disconnected clients MUST use exactly this algorithm when sorting by subject. Otherwise there is potential for a user to get inconsistent results based on whether they are running in connected or disconnected IMAP mode. Sent Date As used in this document, the term "sent date" refers to the date and time from the Date: header, adjusted by time zone. This differs from date-related criteria in SEARCH, which use just the date and not the time, nor adjusts by time zone. Crispin [Page 3] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 Additional Commands This command is an extension to the IMAP4rev1 base protocol. The section header is intended to correspond with where it would be located in the main document if it was part of the base specification. 6.3.SORT. SORT Command Arguments: sort program charset specification searching criteria (one or more) Data: untagged responses: SORT Result: OK - sort completed NO - sort error: can't sort that charset or criteria BAD - command unknown or arguments invalid The SORT command is a variant of SEARCH with sorting semantics for the results. Sort has two arguments before the searching criteria argument; a parenthesized list of sort criteria, and the searching charset. Note that unlike SEARCH, the searching charset argument is mandatory. The US-ASCII and UTF-8 charsets MUST be implemented. All other charsets are optional. There is also a UID SORT command which corresponds to SORT the way that UID SEARCH corresponds to SEARCH. The SORT command first searches the mailbox for messages that match the given searching criteria using the charset argument for the interpretation of strings in the searching criteria. It then returns the matching messages in an untagged SORT response, sorted according to one or more sort criteria. Sorting is in ascending order. Earlier dates sort before later dates; smaller sizes sort before larger sizes; and strings are sorted according to ascending values established by their collation algorithm (see under "Internationalization Considerations"). If two or more messages exactly match according to the sorting criteria, these messages are sorted according to the order in Crispin [Page 4] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 which they appear in the mailbox. In other words, there is an implicit sort criterion of "sequence number". When multiple sort criteria are specified, the result is sorted in the priority order that the criteria appear. For example, (SUBJECT DATE) will sort messages in order by their base subject text; and for messages with the same base subject text will sort by their sent date. Untagged EXPUNGE responses are not permitted while the server is responding to a SORT command, but are permitted during a UID SORT command. The defined sort criteria are as follows. Refer to the Formal Syntax section for the precise syntactic definitions of the arguments. If the associated RFC-822 header for a particular criterion is absent, it is treated as the empty string. The empty string always collates before non-empty strings. ARRIVAL Internal date and time of the message. This differs from the ON criteria in SEARCH, which uses just the internal date. CC RFC-822 local-part of the first "cc" address. DATE Sent date and time from the Date: header, adjusted by time zone. This differs from the SENTON criteria in SEARCH, which uses just the date and not the time, nor adjusts by time zone. FROM RFC-822 local-part of the first "From" address. REVERSE Followed by another sort criterion, has the effect of that criterion but in reverse (descending) order. Note: REVERSE only reverses a single criterion, and does not affect the implicit "sequence number" sort criterion if all other criteria are identicial. Consequently, a sort of REVERSE SUBJECT is not the same as a reverse ordering of a SUBJECT sort. This can be avoided by use of additional criteria, e.g. SUBJECT DATE vs. REVERSE SUBJECT REVERSE DATE. In general, however, it's better (and faster, if the client has a "reverse current ordering" command) to reverse the results in the client instead of issuing a new SORT. Crispin [Page 5] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 SIZE Size of the message in octets. SUBJECT Base subject text. TO RFC-822 local-part of the first "To" address. Example: C: A282 SORT (SUBJECT) UTF-8 SINCE 1-Feb-1994 S: * SORT 2 84 882 S: A282 OK SORT completed C: A283 SORT (SUBJECT REVERSE DATE) UTF-8 ALL S: * SORT 5 3 4 1 2 S: A283 OK SORT completed C: A284 SORT (SUBJECT) US-ASCII TEXT "not in mailbox" S: * SORT S: A284 OK SORT completed 6.3.THREAD. THREAD Command Arguments: threading algorithm charset specification searching criteria (one or more) Data: untagged responses: THREAD Result: OK - thread completed NO - thread error: can't thread that charset or criteria BAD - command unknown or arguments invalid The THREAD command is a variant of SEARCH with threading semantics for the results. Thread has two arguments before the searching criteria argument; a threading algorithm, and the searching charset. Note that unlike SEARCH, the searching charset argument is mandatory. The US-ASCII and UTF-8 charsets MUST be implemented. All other charsets are optional. There is also a UID THREAD command which corresponds to THREAD the way that UID SEARCH corresponds to SEARCH. The THREAD command first searches the mailbox for messages that match the given searching criteria using the charset argument for Crispin [Page 6] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 the interpretation of strings in the searching criteria. It then returns the matching messages in an untagged THREAD response, threaded according to the specified threading algorithm. Sorting is in ascending order. Earlier dates sort before later dates; smaller sizes sort before larger sizes; and strings are sorted according to ascending values established by their collation algorithm (see under "Internationalization Considerations"). The defined threading algorithms are as follows: ORDEREDSUBJECT The ORDEREDSUBJECT threading algorithm is also referred to as "poor man's threading." The searched messages are sorted by base subject and then by the sent date. The messages are then split into separate threads, with each thread containing messages with the same base subject text. Finally, the threads are sorted by the sent date of the first message in the thread. The first message of each thread are siblings of each other (the "root"). The second message of a thread is the child of the first message, and subsequent messages of the thread are siblings of the second message and hence children of the message at the root. Hence, there are no grandchildren in ORDEREDSUBJECT threading. Note: earlier versions of this specification specified that each message in an ORDEREDSUBJECT thread is a child (as opposed to a sibling) of the previous message. This is now deprecated. For compatibility with servers which may still use the old definition, client implementations SHOULD treat descendents of a child as being siblings of that child. This is because the old definition mistakenly indicated that there was a parent/child relationship between successive messages in a thread; when in fact there was only a chronological relationship. In clients which indicate parent/child relationships in a thread tree, this would indicate levels of descent which did not exist. REFERENCES The REFERENCES threading algorithm is based on the [THREADING] algorithm written used in "Netscape Mail and News" versions 2.0 Crispin [Page 7] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 through 3.0. This algorithm threads the searched messages by grouping them together in parent/child relationships based on which messages are replies to others. The parent/child relationships are built using two methods: reconstructing a message's ancestry using the references contained within it; and checking the original (not base) subject of a message to see if it is a reply to (or forward of) another message. Note: "Message ID" in the following description refers to a normalized form of the msg-id in [RFC 2822]. The actual text in an RFC 2822 may use quoting, resulting in multiple ways of expressing the same Message ID. Implementations of the REFERENCES threading algorithm MUST normalize any msg-id in order to avoid false non-matches due to differences in quoting. For example, the msg-id <"01KF8JCEOCBS0045PS"@xxx.yyy.com> and the msg-id <01KF8JCEOCBS0045PS@xxx.yyy.com> MUST be interpreted as being the same Message ID. The references used for reconstructing a message's ancestry are found using the following rules: If a message contains a [NEWS]-style References header line, then use the Message IDs in the References header line as the references. If a message does not contain a References header line, or the References header line does not contain any valid Message IDs, then use the first (if any) valid Message ID found in the In-Reply-To header line as the only reference (parent) for this message. Note: Although [RFC 2822] permits multiple Message IDs in the In-Reply-To header, in actual practice this discipline has not been followed. For example, In-Reply-To headers have been observed with email addresses after the Message ID, and there are no good heuristics for software to determine the difference. This is not a problem with the References header however. If a message does not contain an In-Reply-To header line, or the In-Reply-To header line does not contain a valid Message ID, then the message does not have any references (NIL). Crispin [Page 8] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 A message is considered to be a reply or forward if the base subject extraction rules, applied to the original subject, remove any of the following: a subj-refwd, a "(fwd)" subj-trailer, or a subj-fwd-hdr and subj-fwd-trl. The REFERENCES algorithm is significantly more complex than ORDEREDSUBJECT and consists of six main steps. These steps are outlined in detail below. (1) For each searched message: (A) Using the Message IDs in the message's references, link the corresponding messages (those whose Message-ID header line contains the given reference Message ID) together as parent/child. Make the first reference the parent of the second (and the second a child of the first), the second the parent of the third (and the third a child of the second), etc. The following rules govern the creation of these links: If a message does not contain a Message-ID header line, or the Message-ID header line does not contain a valid Message ID, then assign a unique Message ID to this message. If two or more messages have the same Message ID, assign a unique Message ID to each of the duplicates. If no message can be found with a given Message ID, create a dummy message with this ID. Use this dummy message for all subsequent references to this ID. If a message already has a parent, don't change the existing link. This is done because the References header line may have been truncated by a MUA. As a result, there is no guarantee that the messages corresponding to adjacent Message IDs in the References header line are parent and child. Do not create a parent/child link if creating that link would introduce a loop. For example, before making message A the parent of B, make sure that A is not a descendent of B. Note: Message ID comparisons are case-sensitive. (B) Create a parent/child link between the last reference (or NIL if there are no references) and the current message. Crispin [Page 9] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 If the current message already has a parent, it is probably the result of a truncated References header line, so break the current parent/child link before creating the new correct one. As in step 1.A, do not create the parent/child link if creating that link would introduce a loop. Note that if this message has no references, that it will now have no parent. Note: The parent/child links created in steps 1.A and 1.B MUST be kept consistent with one another at ALL times. (2) Gather together all of the messages that have no parents and make them all children (siblings of one another) of a dummy parent (the "root"). These messages constitute the first (head) message of the threads created thus far. (3) Prune dummy messages from the thread tree. Traverse each thread under the root, and for each message: If it is a dummy message with NO children, delete it. If it is a dummy message with children, delete it, but promote its children to the current level. In other words, splice them in with the dummy's siblings. Do not promote the children if doing so would make them children of the root, unless there is only one child. (4) Sort the messages under the root (top-level siblings only) by sent date. In the case of an exact match on sent date or if either of the Date: headers used in a comparison can not be parsed, use the order in which the messages appear in the mailbox (that is, by sequence number) to determine the order. In the case of a dummy message, sort its children by sent date and then use the first child for the top-level sort. (5) Gather together messages under the root that have the same base subject text. (A) Create a table for associating base subjects with messages, called the subject table. (B) Populate the subject table with one message per each base subject. For each child of the root: (i) Find the subject of this thread, by using the base subject from either the current message or its first child if the current message is a dummy. This is the Crispin [Page 10] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 thread subject. (ii) If the thread subject is empty, skip this message. (iii) Look up the message associated with the thread subject in the subject table. (iv) If there is no message in the subject table with the thread subject, add the current message and the thread subject to the subject table. Otherwise, if the message in the subject table is not a dummy, AND either of the following criteria are true: The current message is a dummy, OR The message in the subject table is a reply or forward and the current message is not. then replace the message in the subject table with the current message. (C) Merge threads with the same thread subject. For each child of the root: (i) Find the message's thread subject as in step 5.B.i above. (ii) If the thread subject is empty, skip this message. (iii) Lookup the message associated with this thread subject in the subject table. (iv) If the message in the subject table is the current message, skip this message. Otherwise, merge the current message with the one in the subject table using the following rules: If both messages are dummies, append the current message's children to the children of the message in the subject table (the children of both messages become siblings), and then delete the current message. If the message in the subject table is a dummy and the current message is not, make the current message a child of the message in the subject table (a sibling of its children). Crispin [Page 11] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 If the current message is a reply or forward and the message in the subject table is not, make the current message a child of the message in the subject table (a sibling of its children). Otherwise, create a new dummy message and make both the current message and the message in the subject table children of the dummy. Then replace the message in the subject table with the dummy message. Note: Subject comparisons are case-insensitive, as described under "Internationalization Considerations." (6) Traverse the messages under the root and sort each set of siblings by sent date. Traverse the messages in such a way that the "youngest" set of siblings are sorted first, and the "oldest" set of siblings are sorted last (grandchildren are sorted before children, etc). In the case of an exact match on sent date or if either of the Date: headers used in a comparison can not be parsed, use the order in which the messages appear in the mailbox (that is, by sequence number) to determine the order. In the case of a dummy message (which can only occur with top-level siblings), use its first child for sorting. Example: C: A283 THREAD ORDEREDSUBJECT UTF-8 SINCE 5-MAR-2000 S: * THREAD (166)(167)(168)(169)(172)(170)(171) (173)(174 (175)(176)(178)(181)(180))(179)(177 (183)(182)(188)(184)(185)(186)(187)(189))(190) (191)(192)(193)(194 195)(196 (197)(198))(199) (200 202)(201)(203)(204)(205)(206 207)(208) S: A283 OK THREAD completed C: A284 THREAD ORDEREDSUBJECT US-ASCII TEXT "gewp" S: * THREAD S: A284 OK THREAD completed C: A285 THREAD REFERENCES UTF-8 SINCE 5-MAR-2000 S: * THREAD (166)(167)(168)(169)(172)((170)(179)) (171)(173)((174)(175)(176)(178)(181)(180)) ((177)(183)(182)(188 (184)(189))(185 186)(187)) (190)(191)(192)(193)((194)(195 196))(197 198) (199)(200 202)(201)(203)(204)(205 206 207)(208) S: A285 OK THREAD completed Note: The line breaks in the first and third client responses are for editorial clarity and do not appear in Crispin [Page 12] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 real THREAD responses. Crispin [Page 13] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 Additional Responses This response is an extension to the IMAP4rev1 base protocol. The section heading of this response is intended to correspond with where it would be located in the main document. 7.2.SORT. SORT Response Data: zero or more numbers The SORT response occurs as a result of a SORT or UID SORT command. The number(s) refer to those messages that match the search criteria. For SORT, these are message sequence numbers; for UID SORT, these are unique identifiers. Each number is delimited by a space. Example: S: * SORT 2 3 6 7.2.THREAD. THREAD Response Data: zero or more threads The THREAD response occurs as a result of a THREAD or UID THREAD command. It contains zero or more threads. A thread consists of a parenthesized list of thread members. Thread members consist of zero or more message numbers, delimited by spaces, indicating successive parent and child. This continues until the thread splits into multiple sub-threads, at which point the thread nests into multiple sub-threads with the first member of each subthread being siblings at this level. There is no limit to the nesting of threads. The messages numbers refer to those messages that match the search criteria. For THREAD, these are message sequence numbers; for UID THREAD, these are unique identifiers. Example: S: * THREAD (2)(3 6 (4 23)(44 7 96)) The first thread consists only of message 2. The second thread consists of the messages 3 (parent) and 6 (child), after which it splits into two subthreads; the first of which contains messages 4 (child of 6, sibling of 44) and 23 (child of 4), and the second of which contains messages 44 (child of 6, sibling of 4), 7 (child of Crispin [Page 14] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 44), and 96 (child of 7). Since some later messages are parents of earlier messages, the messages were probably moved from some other mailbox at different times. -- 2 -- 3 \-- 6 |-- 4 | \-- 23 | \-- 44 \-- 7 \-- 96 Example: S: * THREAD ((3)(5)) In this example, 3 and 5 are siblings of a parent which does not match the search criteria (and/or does not exist in the mailbox); however they are members of the same thread. Crispin [Page 15] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 Formal Syntax of SORT and THREAD commands and Responses sort-data = "SORT" *(SP nz-number) sort = ["UID" SP] "SORT" SP "(" sort-criterion *(SP sort-criterion) ")" SP search-charset 1*(SP search-key) sort-criterion = ["REVERSE" SP] sort-key sort-key = "ARRIVAL" / "CC" / "DATE" / "FROM" / "SIZE" / "SUBJECT" / "TO" thread-data = "THREAD" [SP 1*thread-list] thread-list = "(" thread-members / thread-nested ")" thread-members = nz-number *(SP nz-number) [SP thread-nested] thread-nested = 2*thread-list thread = ["UID" SP] "THREAD" SP thread-algorithm SP search-charset 1*(SP search-key) thread-algorithm = "ORDEREDSUBJECT" / "REFERENCES" / atom The following syntax describes base subject extraction rules (2)-(6): subject = *subj-leader [subj-middle] *subj-trailer subj-refwd = ("re" / ("fw" ["d"])) *WSP [subj-blob] ":" subj-blob = "[" *BLOBCHAR "]" *WSP subj-fwd = subj-fwd-hdr subject subj-fwd-trl subj-fwd-hdr = "[fwd:" subj-fwd-trl = "]" subj-leader = (*subj-blob subj-refwd) / WSP subj-middle = *subj-blob (subj-base / subj-fwd) ; last subj-blob is subj-base if subj-base would ; otherwise be empty subj-trailer = "(fwd)" / WSP Crispin [Page 16] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 subj-base = NONWSP *([*WSP] NONWSP) ; can be a subj-blob BLOBCHAR = %x01-5a / %x5c / %x5e-7f ; any CHAR except '[' and ']' NONWSP = %x01-08 / %x0a-1f / %x21-7f ; any CHAR other than WSP Security Considerations The SORT and THREAD extensions do not raise any security considerations that are not present in the base [IMAP] protocol, and these issues are discussed in [IMAP]. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that IMAP4rev1 protocol transactions, including electronic mail data, are sent in the clear over the network unless protection from snooping is negotiated, either by the use of STARTTLS, privacy protection is negotiated in the AUTHENTICATE command, or some other protection mechanism is in effect. Internationalization Considerations Prior to doing any string collation, all strings must be prepared as described in [STRINGPREP]. ;;; NEED TO DEFINE A STRINGPREP PROFILE HERE. By default, strings are sorted according to the "minimum sorting collation algorithm". All implementations of SORT MUST implement the minimum sorting collation algorithm. In the minimum sorting collation algorithm, the Basic Latin alphabetics (U+0041 to U+005A uppercase, U+0061 to U+007A lowercase) are sorted in a case-insensitive fashion; that is, "A" (U+0041) and "a" (U+0061) are treated as exact equals. The characters U+005B to U+0060 are sorted after the Basic Latin alphabetics; for example, U+005E is sorted after U+005A and U+007A. All other characters are sorted according to their octet values, as expressed in UTF-8. No attempt is made to treat composed characters specially, or to do case-insensitive comparisons of composed characters. Note: this means, among other things, that the composed characters in the Latin-1 Supplement are not compared in what would be considered an ISO 8859-1 "case-insensitive" fashion. Case comparison rules for characters with diacriticals differ between languages; the minimum sorting collation does not attempt to deal with this at all. This Crispin [Page 17] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 is reserved for other sorting collations, which may be language-specific. ;;; THIS PROBLEM CAN BE AVOIDED WITH THE RIGHT STRINGPREP PROFILE. Other sorting collations, and the ability to change the sorting collation, will be defined in a separate document dealing with IMAP internationalization. Non-English translations of "Re" or "Fw"/"Fwd" are not specified for removal in the base subject extraction process. By specifying that only the English forms of the prefixes are used, it becomes a simple display time task to localize the prefix language for the user. If, on the other hand, prefixes in multiple languages are permitted, the result is a geometrically complex, and ultimately unimplementable, task. In order to improve the ability to support non-English display in Internet mail clients, only the English form of these prefixes should be transmitted in Internet mail messages. 12. IANA Considerations IMAP4 capabilities are registered by publishing a standards track or IESG approved experimental RFC. The registry is currently located at: http://www.iana.org/assignments/imap4-capabilities In addition, additional threading algorithms also need to be registered with IANA. A. References The following documents are normative to this document: [ABNF] Crocker, D., and Overell, P. "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997. [IMAP] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol - Version 4rev1", RFC 2060, December 1996. [KEYWORDS] Bradner, S. "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, Harvard University, March 1997. [NEWS] Horton, M., and Adams, R., "Standard for interchange of USENET messages", RFC-1036, AT&T Bell Laboratories and Center for Seismic Studies, December, 1987. Crispin [Page 18] INTERNET DRAFT IMAP SORT EXPIRES 12 June 2003 [RFC-2822] Resnick, P. "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April 2001. [STRINGPREP] Hoffman, P., and Blanchet, M. "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("stringprep"), Work In Progress. [THREADING] Zawinski, J. "message threading", http://www.jwz.org/doc/threading.html, 1997-2002. Author's Address Mark R. Crispin Networks and Distributed Computing University of Washington 4545 15th Avenue NE Seattle, WA 98105-4527 Phone: (206) 543-5762 EMail: MRC@CAC.Washington.EDU Kenneth Murchison Oceana Matrix Ltd. 21 Princeton Place Orchard Park, NY 14127 Phone: (716) 662-8973 x26 EMail: ken@oceana.com Crispin [Page 19]