SSE BOF R. Moskowitz Internet-Draft HTT Consulting Intended status: Standards Track I. Faynberg Expires: September 22, 2016 Alcatel-Lucent H. Lu Nokia S. Hares Hickory Hill Consulting P. Giacomin FreeLance March 21, 2016 Session Security Envelope draft-moskowitz-sse-03 Abstract This memo specifies the details of the Session Security Envelope (SSE). SSE is a session protocol aiming to guarantee confidentiality, integrity and authentication completely independently by the underlying context, namely network and transport layers. A single session using the SEE protocol can include a single transport session or multiple transport sessions. This mean that SSE can survive the break-down in network and transport layers or to attacks carried against them. SSE is also applicable in networks lacking in classic inter-networking and transport protocols SSE relies on modern AEAD block cipher modes of operations, a class of block cipher modes which allows, at the same time, to authenticate the message while encrypting a part of it. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on September 22, 2016. Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. Requirements Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2. Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.3. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. SSE Security Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5. Packet format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1. SSE compact format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.2. SSE Large Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.3. SSE Extreme Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.4. Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.5. AEAD integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Packet processing and State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.1. Establishing a session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.2. Processing Outgoing Application Data . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.3. Processing Incoming Application Data . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. Negotiating SSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.1. Using IKEv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.2. Using HIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 1. Introduction This memo specifies the details of the Session Security Envelope (SSE). SSE is a session protocol aiming to guarantee confidentiality, integrity and authentication completely independently by the underlying context, namely network and transport layers. A single SSE session can span a single transport session or multiple transport sessions. These transport sessions can use the same transport layer protocol (E.g. TCP) or use different transport protocols. SSE can survive the break-down in network and transport layers or to attacks carried against them. Moreover SSE will relies on modern AEAD block cipher modes of operations, a class of block cipher modes which allows, at the same time, to authenticate the message while encrypting a part of it. 2. Terms and Definitions 2.1. Requirements Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. . 2.2. Notations This section will contain notations 2.3. Definitions AEAD Block Cypher: (definition needed) SSE: Session Specific Envelope 3. SSE Security Boundary The security boundary comes at layer above the IP transport layers (TCP, SCTP, UDP). This security allows the data to be secure prior to entering into a specific transport layer. A single SSE session can span 1 or N transport protocol connections. The multiple transport connections running under an SSE session may all use one protocol (e.g. TCP) or multiple protocols (e.g. TCP, SCTP, UDP). The higher layer security boundary provides a common security layer. 4. API The initial API is part of a shim with socket call over a TCP socket. s = int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 where: domain: AF_INET and AF_INET6 supported type: SOCK_SECURE protocol: Transport protocol (TCP (6), UDP (6), SCTP (132)) int setsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int optname, const void *optval, socklen_t optlen); int getsocketopt(int sockfd, int level, int optname const void *optval, socket where: sockfd: # socket file descriptor optname: # option name (see below) optval; # points to *sse_transport structure; optlen; # length of option optval values: ADD_SSE_Transport[1]; # add transport to SSE DELETE_SSE_Transport[2]; # delete transport to SSE Query_SSE_Transport [3]; # Query transport optval *sse_transport[MAX_SSE_TRANSPORTS]; - for add/deletes struct *sse_add_transport int nt_sockfd; # new transport socket int protocol; # new protocol ); int getsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t *optlen); int setsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int optname, const void *optval, socklen_t optlen); Figure 1 - Example SSE Socket API Note: The prototype for this SECURE_SOCKET is on a FREEBSD OS. Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 5. Packet format An SSE PDU is a Session Layer PDU (SPDU). In order to accommodate various use cases three formats are available for the PDU. The only difference between those formats is the size of length and sequence number fields. Following these fields is the encrypted payload and Integrity Check Value (ICV). Encrypted payload and ICV has a substructure depending on the choice of encryption algorithm and mode. 5.1. SSE compact format SSE compact format aims to provide a Session Security Layer to applications leveraging on constrained network media with packet size limitations or high cost per bit transport. In the SSE compact format: SPI is 24 bits. FLAGS is 8 bits. Length is 12 bits Sequence Number is 20 bits 12 bits of Length allows (2^12) 4096 bytes in the Encrypted Payload (does not include the ICV). 20 bits in the Sequence Number allows to send (2^20) 1048576 packets before renegotiating the key. (The ICV length is set by the KMP parameters, so the length is known and therefore is not included in the length calculation) The SPI internally is 32 bits to maintain SPI length consistancy. The high order 8 bits are always ZERO, allowing for only sending the lower 24 bits in the header. Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | SPI | FLAGS | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Length | Sequence Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Encrypted Payload and ICV (Variable) | ~ ~ | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 2 - Compact format 5.2. SSE Large Format SSE large format aims provide a Session Security Layer to applications which have common sizes of transport packets. In the SSE compact format: SPI is 32 bits. FLAGS is 8 bits. Length is 32 bits Sequence Number is 32 bits 32 bits of Length allows (2^32)or ~4Gbytes in the Encrypted Payload (does not include the ICV). 32 bits in the Sequence Number allows to send (2^32) ~40 billion packets packets before renegotiating the key. The 32 bits of length allows an IPv6 jumbogram to be included as in the SSE Large Format Payload Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | SPI | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | RESERVED | FLAGS | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Encrypted Payload and ICV (Variable) | ~ ~ | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 3 - Large Format 5.3. SSE Extreme Format SSE large format aims provide a Session Security Layer to high performance networks. In the SSE compact format: SPI is 32 bits. FLAGS is 8 bits. Length is 32 bits Sequence Number is 64 bits 32 bits of Length allows (2^32) 4294967296 bytes (4Gbytes) in the Encrypted Payload (excluding the ICV). 32 bits in the Sequence Number allows to send (2^64) 18446744073709551616 (around 18 * 10^18) packets before renegotiating the key. Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | SPI | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | RESERVED | FLAGS | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence Number | + + | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Encrypted Payload and ICV (Variable) | ~ ~ | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 4 - Extreme Format 5.4. Header Fields SPI is the Security Parameter Index, a 32 bit number received from the external KMP. It is the index into the Security Association and is typically unidirectional. That is each direction in has its own SPI. A KMP for a unicast communication would provide the two SPIs. Multicast is different. Depending on the requirements, there can be one SPI for all transmitters or one per transmitter. The compact format only transmits 24 bits of the 32 bit SPI. The SPI is internally kept as both the 32 bits SPI from the KMP and a 24 bit truncated SPI (with the 8 high order bits of zero). If this truncation results in a duplicate SPI, the negotiation is rejected and the KMP is called again. Length is the length in bytes of the encrypted payload. This does not include the ICV. The length of the ICV depends on the block cipher settings. FLAGS is a set of 8 options flags. Bit 7 is the GPComp ( [I-D.moskowitz-gpcomp] ) bit compression option bit. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | C| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 5 - FLAGS field Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 Sequence Number is a, strictly increasing by 1, counter. When the field cannot be increased without wrapping a key renegotiation MUST be performed. Please note that this Sequence Number has not the same meaning and implications of a Transport Layer sequence number, hence increasing by 1 is a good idea. Note: It is common practice to rekey some time BEFORE the number space is exhausted. 5.5. AEAD integration SSE MUST use AEAD block cipher modes. AEAD block cypher modes will ensure confidentiality on the payload and integrity of both the payload and the headers (SPI, length and sequence number). 6. Packet processing and State Machine SSE will spawn across several ports and protocols, hence each listened port and protocol can be a different SSE instance. See Architecture Draft. 6.1. Establishing a session An application can establish a session via the SSE API, which in turn will interact with a KMP daemon. SSE instance will get all parameters related to the session from the KMP daemon. Editorial note: Is this a local vulnerability? 6.2. Processing Outgoing Application Data After having established an SSE session, an application can send application- level data using the normal socket calls. The SSE layer will encapsulate the packet, and send it on the appropriate transport session. The application doesn't need to know SPI, sequence number or key. The local SSE knows these facts, and keeps it within the SSE data associated with a set of transport connections. 6.3. Processing Incoming Application Data After having established an SSE session, the packets will be sent to the transport layer for de-encapsulation. After header removal, the socket processing will hand it to the SEE processing for security check. If the packet is deemed secure, the socket will remove the SSE envelope. The application see the byte stream as data from a transport connection. Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 The application doesn't need to know SPI, sequence number or key, relying on a fake connection. (but its local SSE instance knows it, hence the application own memory where those are stored). 7. Negotiating SSE The use of SSE and its options (e.g. AES mode of operation) should be part of the communication start up process. Although SSE can be manually set up, this may result in a lack of crypto agility . That is, only one algorithm is used and cannot easily be changed. Thus manual set up for SSE should be limited to testing needs. 7.1. Using IKEv2 At set up, and application may call IKEv2 [RFC7296]. Currently there are no defined options for SSE in IKEv2 and it have to be amended. It should be able to follow ESP in Transport Mode [RFC4303]. 7.2. Using HIP At set up, and application may call HIPv2 [RFC7401] or HIP-DEX [I-D.ietf-hip-dex]. HIP does not currently include a negotiation for SSE. SSE can be added by assigning a HIP parameter value for an SSE Transform that is higher than ESP. A value of 4101 can be used for this purpose. The negotiation will mirror the ESP transform negotiation [RFC7402] and be carried in the R1 and I2 payloads as is ESP transform. This parameter and negotiation may be explicitly expanded here at in a later revision. 8. IANA Considerations IANA is requested to assign a HIP parameter value for the SSE Transform. This parameter value should be higher than ESP. A value of 4101 is recommended. 9. Security Considerations As SSE uses an AEAD block cipher, it is vulnerable to attack if a sequence number is reused for a given key. Thus implementations of SSE MUST provide for rekeying prior to Sequence Number rollover. An implementation should never assume that for a given context, the sequence number space will never be exhausted. Key Management Protocols like IKEv2 [RFC7296] or HIP [RFC7401] could be used to provide for rekeying management. The KMP SHOULD not create a network layer fate-sharing limitation. Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 As any security protocol can be used for a resource exhaustion attack, implementations should consider methods to mitigate flooding attacks of messages with valid SPIs but invalid content. Even with the ICV check, resources are still consumed to validate the ICV. SSE makes no attempt to recommend the ICV length. For constrained network implementations, other sources should guide the implementation as to ICV length selection. The ICV length selection SHOULD be the the responsibility of the KMP. As with any layered security protocol, SSE makes no claims of protecting lower or higher processes in the communication stack. Each layer's risks and liabilities need be addressed at that level. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . 10.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-hip-dex] Moskowitz, R. and R. Hummen, "HIP Diet EXchange (DEX)", draft-ietf-hip-dex-00 (work in progress), March 2016. [I-D.moskowitz-gpcomp] Moskowitz, R., Faynberg, I., Lu, H., Hares, S., and P. Giacomin, "GPCOMP", draft-moskowitz-gpcomp-00 (work in progress), March 2016. [RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005, . [RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T. Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October 2014, . [RFC7401] Moskowitz, R., Ed., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T. Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)", RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015, . Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Session Security Envelope March 2016 [RFC7402] Jokela, P., Moskowitz, R., and J. Melen, "Using the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP)", RFC 7402, DOI 10.17487/RFC7402, April 2015, . Authors' Addresses Robert Moskowitz HTT Consulting Oak Park, MI 48237 Email: rgm@labs.htt-consult.com Igor Faynberg Alcatel-Lucent Room 2D-144, 600 Mountain Avenue Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA Email: igor.faynberg@alcatel-lucent.com Huilan Lu Nokia Room 2D-144, 600 Mountain Avenue Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA Email: huilan.lu@nokia.com Susan Hares Hickory Hill Consulting 7453 Hickory Hill Saline, MI 48176 USA Email: shares@ndzh.com Pierpaolo Giacomin FreeLance Email: yrz@anche.no Moskowitz, et al. Expires September 22, 2016 [Page 12]