ICN Research Group R. Ravindran Internet-Draft A. Chakraborti Intended status: Informational S. Amin Expires: January 8, 2017 Huawei Technologies J. Chen Winlab, Rutgers University M. Mosko I. Solis PARC July 7, 2016 Support for Notifications in CCN draft-ravi-icnrg-interest-notification-00 Abstract This draft proposes a new packet primitive called Notification for CCN. Notification is a PUSH primitive and can be unicast or multicast to multiple listening points. Notifications do not expect a Content Object response hence only requires the use of FIB state in the CCN forwarder. Emulating Notification as a PULL has performance and routing implications. The draft proposes a new fixed header primitive called Notification and a CCN message encoding using Content Object primitive to transport Notifications. These discussions are presented in the context of CCNx1.0 [1] proposal. The draft also provides discussions on various aspects related to notification such as flow and congestion control, routing and reliability considerations, and use case scenarios. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 8, 2017. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Notification Requirements in CCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Current Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Proposed Notification Primitive in CCN . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Notification Message Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. Notification Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.1. Flow and Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.1.1. Issues with Basic Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.1.2. Flow and Congestion Control Mechanims . . . . . . . . 10 8.1.2.1. End-to-End Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.1.2.2. Hybrid Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.1.3. Receiver Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8.2. Routing Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8.3. Notification reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8.4. Use Case Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8.4.1. Realizing PUB/SUB System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1. Introduction Notification is a PUSH primitive used in the Internet today by many IoT and social applications. The nature of notifications varies with the application scenario, ranging from being mission critical to one that is best effort. Notifications can be unicast or multicast depending on whether the notification service is aware of all the consumers or not. A notification service is preceded by a consumer subscribing to a specific event such as, subscription to hash-tag feeds, health emergency notification service, or temperature sensor Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 reading from a room in a building; following this subscription the service pushes notifications to consuming entities. It has to be noted that certain IoT applications expects notification end-to-end latency of few milliseconds [2]. Industrial IoT applications have more stringent requirement in terms of QoS, timeliness, and reliability of message delivery. Though we term it as a Notification, this primitive can also be used for transactional exchange between two points. CCN optimizes networking around efficiently distributing already published content which the consumers learn through mechanisms like manifests containing the names of published content chunks and their locations. Applications relying on notifications requires event driven data to be pushed from multiple producers to multiple subscribers for which the current Interest/Data primitive is inefficient. This draft proposes to extend CCN's current primitives set with a new notification primitive that can be processed in a new way by the CCN forwarder to serve notification objectives. Notification here implies a PUSH semantic that is available with IP today and supported by other FIA architectures like MobilityFirst [10] and XIA [11]. 2. Notification Requirements in CCN General notification requirements have been discussed in CoAP's Observe proposal [4] to push notifications from the server to the clients. Here we discuss basic notification requirements from CCN's network layer perspective. Other requirements related to reliability, low latency, flow control can be engineered by the application or through more network layer state once the following requirements are met. o Supporting PUSH Intent: CCN should provide efficient support for PUSH, where application's intent is to PUSH content to listening application without expecting any data in return. o Multicast Support: CCN network should be able to handle multicast notifications from a producer to multiple consumers. o Security: Just as a content object in the context of Interest/Data primitive provides data authentication and privacy, similar features should also be offered by notification objects too. o Routing/Forwarding Support: Name prefixes over which multicast notifications are managed should be handled in a different manner from the name prefixes over which Interest/Data primitive is used for content distribution. This differentiation applies to the control as well as the forwarding plane. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 o Minimizing Processing: Notification processing in the forwarder should be minimized considering the application's intent to PUSH data to listening consumers. 3. Current Approaches Recent CCN and NDN research [7][13] have studied the problem of handling notifications and have proposed several solutions to handle this. However these approaches do not meet the above set requirements as they use the current Interest and Data primitive to achieve notification objectives. These approaches are: o Polling: This is a straight forward application of the Interest and Data primitive, where consumers periodically checks the producers for any new information. The efficiency of this approach depends on the frequency of polling. In this case, very low frequency may result in missing critical updates, and large frequency could result in high PIT occupancy by such polling Interests and overall higher traffic overhead. This scheme is inefficient particularly for event driven and asynchronous updates. o Long lived Interests: As the name suggests, applications can issue Interests set to a high lifetime to the producing nodes. Considering the increasing social networking and IoT application traffic, the number of such PIT Interests can be very large occupying valuable resources hence inefficient. o Interest overloading: Small notifications such as actuating commands can be send by overloading the Interest primitive by adding information as suffixes to the name or including signed and/or encrypted data as a Interest payload [1]. As these Interests are used as notifications, their lifetime is set to zero. Overloading Interests to convey notifications may not be desirable, as today the Interests are treated as a content request primitive by forwarders incurring unnecessary PIT/CS incurring unnecessary overhead. This also opens the possibility of new attack vectors, such as the notifications can be blocked by malicious consumers who may express Interests with the same name (assuming names are easily derivable). Furthermore, this prevents use of caching feature in the network, which is useful towards data recovery. o Interest Trigger: Another way to use Interest is to first notify the consumers about a produced data, and then have the data pulled by the consumers. This mechanism, in addition to the PIT inefficiency, it also incurs additional round trip delay before the produced data arrives at the listening consumer. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 To summarize CCN and NDN operates on PULL primitive optimized for content distribution applications. Emulating PUSH operation over PULL has the following issues: o It is a mismatch between an application's intent to PUSH data and the PULL APIs currently available. o Unless Interests are marked distinctly, overloading Interests with notification data will undergo PIT/CS processing and are also subjected to similar routing and forwarding policies as regular Interests which is inefficient o Another concern in treating PUSH as PULL is with respect to the effect of local strategy layer routing policies, where the intent to experiment with multiple faces to fetch content is not required for notification messages. This motivates the need for treating notifications as a separate class of traffic which would allow a forwarder to apply the appropriate routing and forwarding processing in the network. 4. Proposed Notification Primitive in CCN Notification is a new type of packet hence can be subjected to different processing logic by a forwarder. By definition, a notification message is a PUSH primitive, hence is not subjected to PIT/CS processing. This primitive can also be used by any other transactional or content distribution application towards service authentication or exchanging contextual information between end points and the service. 5. Notification Message Encoding The wire packet format for a Notification is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Fig. 1 shows the Notification fixed header considering the CCNx1.0 encoding, and Fig. 2 shows the format for the CCN Notification message, which is used to transport the notification data. We next discuss these two packet segments of the Notification message. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ | Version | PacketType= | | | | Notification | PacketLength | +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ | HopLimit | Reserved | Flags | HeaderLength | +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ / Optional Hop-by-hop header TLVs / +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ / Content Object as Notification Message / +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ Figure 1: CCN Notification fixed header 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ |MessageType = Content Object | MessageLength | +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ | Name TLV | +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ | Optional MetaData TLVs | +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ | Message Payload Type | Message Type Length | +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ | Payload or Optional Content Object | +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ / Optional CCNx ValidationAlgorithm TLV / +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ / Optional CCNx ValidationPayload TLV (ValidationAlg required) / +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------+ Figure 2: CCN Notification Message Notification Fixed Header: The fields in the fixed header that have new meaning in the context of notifications are discussed next, while the other fields follow the definition in [1]. o Packet Type: This new type code identifies that the packet is of type Notification [TBD]. o Optional Hop-by-hop header TLVs : Encodes any new hop-by-hop headers relevant to notifications [TBD]. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 CCN Notification message: The CCN Notification message is a Content Object as in [1]. Notifications are always routed on the top level Content Object (outer CO) name. Notification itself can be encoded in two forms depending on the application requirement: o Notification with single name: In this case the notification contains a single content object. Here the producer generates notification using the same name used by consumers on which they listen on. o Notification with two names: In this case the notification contains a top level Content Object (outer CO), that encapsulates another Content Object (inner CO). With an encapsulated Content Object, the meaning is that notification producers and consumers operate on different name-spaces requiring separate name-data security binding. A good application of the encapsulation format is a PUB/SUB service, where the consumer learns about the notification service name offline, and the producer who is decoupled from the consumer generates a new Content Object using its own name and pushes the notification to the consumer. The interpretation of the fields shown in Fig. 2 are as follows: o MessageType : The CCN message type is of type Content Object. o Name TLV : Name TLV in the Content Object is used to route the Notification. o Optional Metadata TLV: These TLVs carry metadata used to describe the Notification payload. o Message Payload Type: This is of type T_PAYLOADTYPE defined in CCNx.1.0 or a new encapsulation type (T_ENCAP) that indicates the presence of another encapsulated Content Object [TBD]. o Optional Encapsulated Content Object: This is an optional encapsulated Content Object newly defined for the Notification primitive. The name in the encapsulated Content Object corresponds to the producer's name-space, or anything else based on the application logic. The rational for an encapsulated Content Object was discussed earlier. o Optional Security Validation data: The Content Object optionally carries security validation payload as per CCNx1.0. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 6. Notification Processing The following steps are followed by a CCN forwarder to process the Notification packet. o Notification packet type is identified in the fixed header of a CCN packet with a new type code. The Notification carries a Content Object, whose name is used for routing. This name is matched against the FIB entries to determine the next hop(s). Novel strategy layer routing techniques catering to the notification traffic can be applied here. o CCN forwarder also processes the optional metadata associated with the Notification meant for the network to help with the forwarding strategy, for e.g., mission critical notifications can be given priority over all other traffic. o As mentioned earlier, CCN forwarder MUST NOT cache the Content Objects in the notifications. 7. Security Considerations The proposed processing logic of Notifications that bypass the processing of PIT/CS has the following security implications: Flow Balance : PIT state maintains the per-hop flow balance over all the available faces by enforcing a simple rule, that is, one Content Object is send over a face for a single Interest. Bypassing PIT processing compromises this flow balancing property. For scenarios where the notification traffic volume is not high such as for IoT applications, the impact may not be significant. However, this may not be the case considering the plethora of social networking and emerging IoT applications in a general Internet scenario. This flow balance tradeoff has to be understood considering an application's intent to PUSH data and the latency introduced by processing such traffic if a PULL primitive is used. Also PIT offers a natural defense mechanism by throttling traffic at the network edge, considering the provisioned PIT size, and bypassing it could exacerbate DDOS attacks on producing end points. Cache Poisoning: This draft doesn't recommend the caching of the Content Object in the Notification payload, though doing so might help in increasing the availability of notification information in the network. A possible exception would be if the inner CO is a nameless object [12]. as those can only be fetched from CS by hash We leave this possibility of applying policy-based caching of Notification Content Objects for future exploration. The recommendation for not caching these Content objects is that, in a Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 regular Interest/Content Object exchange, content arrives at the forwarder and is cached as a result of per-hop active Interest expression. Unsolicited Content Objects, as in the case of the Notification, violates this rule, which could be exploited by malicious producers to generate DDOS attack against the cache resource of a CCN infrastructure. 8. Annex 8.1. Flow and Congestion Control 8.1.1. Issues with Basic Notifications As mentioned in the previous sections, one of the main issues with notification is the flow and congestion control. One naive way to solve this issue is the routers drop the packets from aggressive flows. Flow-based fair queueing (and its variation stochastic fairness queueing) maintain queues for flows (or the hash of flows) and try to give a fair share to each flow (or a hash). Flows can be classified by the prefixes in the ICN case. However, according to [14], the overall network throughput will be affected when there are multiple bottlenecks in the network. Therefore, [14] promotes an end-to-end solution for congestion control. Flow balance is a key requirement to an end-to-end (or end-driven) flow and congestion control. In the case of CCN query/response, flow balance entails that an Interest pulls at most one Data object from upstream. The data consumer can therefore control the amount of traffic coming from the data source(s) either it is a data provider or a cache in the network. However, the basic notification does not follow the rule of flow balance (each Subscription can result in more than one Notifications disseminated in the network). In the absence of a proper feedback mechanism to notify the data sender or the network the available bandwidth and local resource the consumer has, the sender can easily congest the bottleneck link of the receivers (causing congestion collapse) and/or overflow the buffer on the receiver side. In the later sections, we will describe the possible congestion control mechanisms in ICN and how to deal with packet loss when both congestion control and reliability are required. However, the basic notification does not follow the rule of flow balance (each Subscription can result in more than one Notifications disseminated in the network). There is no way a receiver can notify the data sender or the network the available bandwidth and local resource it has. As a result, the sender can easily congest the bottleneck link of the receivers (causing congestion collapse) and/or overflow the buffer on the receiver side. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 8.1.2. Flow and Congestion Control Mechanims Here we discuss broad approaches towards achieving flow and congestion control in CCN as applied to Notification traffic. Since the forwarding logic of the Notification packets are quite similar to that of IP multicast, existing multicast congestion control solutions can be candidates to solve the flow/congestion control issue with Notification. In addition we also summarize recent ICN research to address this issue. 8.1.2.1. End-to-End Approaches In the multicast communication, it is not scalable to have direct receiver-to-sender feedback loop similar to TCP since this would result in each receiver sending ACKs (or NACKs) to the data sender and cause ACK (NACK) implosion. To address the ACK implosion issue, two types of solutions have been proposed in multicast congestion control, namely, sender-driven approaches and receiver-driven approaches. 8.1.2.1.1. Sender-driven Multicast In the first category, the sender controls the sending rate and to ensure the network friendliness, the sender usually align the sending rate to the slowest receiver. To avoid the ACK implosion issue, TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC [15]) uses rate based solution. This solution uses TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) to get a proper sending rate based on the RTT between sender and each receiver. The sender only needs to collect the RTTs periodically instead of per-packet ACKs. Similarly, in ICN, the sender can create another channel (namespace) to collect the RTT measurement from the receivers. However, due to the dynamics on each path, it is difficult to calculate the proper sending rate. To address the rate calculation issue, pgmcc [16], a window-based solution is proposed. It uses NACKs to detect the slowest receiver (the ACKer). The ACKer sends an ACK back to the sender on receiving each multicast packet. A feedback loop similar to TCP is formed between the sender and the ACKer to control the sending rate. Since the ACKer is the slowest receiver, the sender adapts its sending rate to the available bandwidth of the slowest receiver, the solution can therefore ensure the network friendliness. In the ICN case, the receivers can send NACKs in the form of Notification packets through another namespace, and the ACKer can also use the same mechanism to send ACKs. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 However, since the sender is always aligning the sending rate to the slowest receiver to ensure the network friendliness, the performance of the solutions can be dramatically affected by a very slow receiver. 8.1.2.1.2. Receiver-driven Multicast Unlike the sender-driven solutions, the receiver-driven solutions [17] choose to use layered-multicast to satisfy heterogeneous receivers. The sender first initiates several multicast groups (namespaces in the case of ICN) with different sending rates. Each receiver would choose to join a multicast group with the highest sending rate that it can afford. The sender can also adapt the sending rate of each multicast group according to the receiver status. These solutions can support applications like video streaming (with layered codecs) efficiently. However, they also have some issues: 1) they complicate the sender and receiver logic, especially for simple applications like file transfer; and 2) the receivers are limited by the sending rates initiated by the provider and would therefore under-utilize the available bandwidth. 8.1.2.2. Hybrid Approaches In this approach, flow balance of Notification is achieved by the receivers notifying the network (rather than the sender or other receivers) about the capacity it can receive. Here, we take advantage of operating the Notification service through a receiver- driven approach and get support from the network. A solution based on this approach is proposed in [18], which we summarize next. To retain flow balance, the consumers in this solution send out one subscription for only one next Notification instead of the original logic (that receives all the Notifications). Similar to the flow and congestion control in query/response, the receivers can now maintain a congestion window to control the amount of traffic coming from upstream. Here, instead of maintaining a (name, outgoing face) pair in FIB (or subscription table), the routers now adds a third field -- accumulated count -- for each entry. The accumulated count is increased by 1 on receiving such a subscription and decreased by 1 on sending a Notification to that face. The routers should also propagate the maximum accumulated count upstream till the 1st hop router of the provider (or the rendezvous point in the network). The Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 subscribers sends a subscription for every successfully received notification. Here we also assume that, the subscribers operate based on the AIMD scheme. If the dissemination of Notification follows a tree topology in the network, we define the branching point of a receiver R (BP_R) as the router closest to R which has another outgoing face that can receive data faster than R. For receivers that has bandwidth/resources to receive all the data from the provider, BP_R is the 1st hop router of the provider (or the rendezvous point). In this solution, we can prove that there is a feedback loop between each receiver and its branching point. Therefore, when a receiver maintains its congestion window size using AIMD, the traffic between the branching point and the receiver is similar to TCP. It can get a fair share at the bottleneck on the path, even if the bottleneck is not directly under the branching point. In the multicast tree, the solution can ensure the fairness with other (TCP-like) flows on each branch. The solution can thus allow the sender to send at an application- efficient rate rather than being affected by the slowest receiver like pgmcc [16]. It is true that the solution requires more packets and more states in the network compared to the basic notification solution, but the cost is similar to (and smaller than) that of query/response. Since we are using one notification per subscription pattern, the amount of traffic overhead is the same as query/response. As for the states stored in the router, the solution only requires 1 entry per prefix per face, which is smaller than the query/response which requires 1 entry per packet per face. Therefore, the overhead of the solution is acceptable in CCN. 8.1.2.2.1. Other Challenges o Sender Rate Control: The sender in the solution does not have to limit the sending rate to the slowest receiver to maintain network friendliness. Therefore, the choice of sending rate is a tradeoff between network traffic and session completion time. In the case where the application does not require a certain sending rate (like file transfer), the sender can align the sending rate to the slowest receiver (similar to pgmcc) to minimize the repair traffic, but at the cost of longer session completion time. He can also send at the rate of the fastest receiver and try to get peer repair in the network. This allows faster receivers finish the session earlier but causing higher network traffic due to the repair. An ACKer-based solution similar to pgmcc can be adopted Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 to allow the sender align the rate at a proportion of users (e.g., top 30%). The sender can collect feedback (throughput, latency, etc.) from all the receivers periodically and pick an ACKer according to the proportion it desires. On receiving a Notification packet, the ACKer would send an ACK just like TCP. The sender can maintain a congestion window also like TCP. The feedback loop between the sender and the ACKer can align the sending rate at the ACKers's available bandwidth. o Receiver Window Control: Slightly different from one-sender one- receiver window control in TCP, the sending rate in the hybrid approach is not controlled by any of the receivers. Receiving intermittent packets can indicate both congestion (similar to TCP) and not enough window size (since the sending rate is higher). In the first case, the receiver should reduce the window size while in the second case, the receiver should increase the window size. An indication of congestion (e.g., Random Early Detection, RED) should be provided directly from the network.The receivers with available bandwidth higher than the sending rate would have too large window size since it does not see any packet loss. Please refer to [18] for a detailed solution on this issue. 8.1.3. Receiver Reliability The receiver would miss packets when the available bandwidth/resource of the receiver is lower than the sending rate of the Notification provider. Some applications (like gaming and video conferencing) can tolerant such kind of packet loss while the others (like file transfer) cannot. Therefore, another module that ensures the reliability is needed. However, reliability should be separated from the flow and congestion control since it is not a universal requirement. With the solution described in the receiver-driver or the hybrid approach, the slower consumers would receive intermittent packets since the sending rate can be faster than their fair share. The applications that require reliable transfer can query the missing packets similar to the normal query/response. This also requires that each content in the Notifications should have a unique Content Name (or hash in the nameless scenario). The clients should also be able to detect the missing packets either based on the sequence number or based on a pre-acquired meta-file. Caching in CCN can be leveraged to achieve availability and reliability. The network can forward the requests (Interests) of the missing packets towards the data provider, the other consumers and/or the in- network cache to optimize the overall throughput of the consumers. This solution is similar to Scalable Reliable Multicast (SRM [19]). Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 However, as mentioned in [20], solutions like SRM requires the consumers communicate directly with each other and therefore lose the privacy and trust. CCN can ensure the privacy since the providers cannot get the information of the identity of the consumers. Trust (data integrity) is also maintained with the signature in the Data packets. 8.2. Routing Notifications Appropriate routing policies should be employed to ensure reliable forwarding of a notification to its one or many intended receivers. The name in the notification identifies a host or a multicast service being listened to by the multiple intended receivers. Two types of routing strategies can be adopted to handle notifications, depending on whether or not an explicit pub/sub state is maintained in the forwarder. o Stateless forwarding: In this case the notification only relies on the CCN FIB state to route the notification. The FIB entries are populated through a routing control plane, which distinguishes the FIB states for the notification service from the content fetching FIB entries. Through this logical separation, Notifications can be routed by matching its name with the matching FIB policy in the CCN forwarder, hence processed as notification multicast. o Stateful forwarding: In this case, specific subscription state is managed in the forwarder to aid notification delivery. This is required to scale notifications at the same time apply notification policies, such as filter notifications or to improve notification reliability and efficiency to subscribing users [8]. 8.3. Notification reliability This proposal doesn't provide any form of reliability. Reliability can be realized by the specific application using the proposed notification primitive, for instance using the following potential approaches: Caching: This proposal doesn't propose any form of caching. But caching feature can be explored to improve notification reliability, and this is a subject of future study. For instance, consumers, which expect notifications and use external means (such as periodic updates or by receiving manifests) to track notifications, can recover the lost notifications using the PULL feature of CCN. Notification Acknowledgment: If the producer maintains per-receiver state, then the consumer can send back notification ACK or NACK to the producer of having received or not received them. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 8.4. Use Case Scenarios Here we provide the discussions related to the use of Notification in different scenarios. 8.4.1. Realizing PUB/SUB System A PUB/SUB system provides a service infrastructure for subscribers to request update on a set of topics of interest, and with multicast publishers publishing content on those topics. A PUB/SUB system maps the subscribers' interests to published contents and pushes them as Notifications to the subscribers. A PUB/SUB system has many requirements as discussed in [6] which include low latency, reliability, fast recovery, scalability, security, minimizing false (positive/negative) notifications. Current IP based PUB/SUB systems suffer from interoperability challenges because of application-defined naming approach and lack of support of multicast in the data plane. The proposed Notification primitive can be used to realize large scale PUB/SUB system, as it unifies naming in the network layer and support for name-based multicasting. Depending on the routing strategy discussed earlier, two kind of PUB/ SUB approaches can be realized : 1) Rendezvous style approach ; 2) Distributed approach. Each of these approaches can use the Notification primitive to implement their PUSH service. In the Rendezvous style approach, a logically centralized service maps subscriber's topic interest with the publisher's content and pushes it as notifications. If stateless forwarding is used, the routing entries contain specific application-ID's requesting a given notification, to handle scalability, a group of these application can share a multicast-ID reducing the state in the FIB. In the Distributed approach, the CCN/NDN protocol is further enhanced with new subscription primitive for the subscription interested consumers. When a consumer explicitly susbcribes to a multicast topic, its subscription request is forwarded to the upstream forwarder which manages this state mapping between subscription names to the downstream faces which has expressed interest for Notifications being pushed under that prefix. An example of the network layer based approach is the COPSS notification proposal [6]. Here a PUB/SUB multi-cast state state, called the subscribers interest table, is managed in the forwarders. When a Notification arrives at a forwarder, the content descriptor in the notification is matched to the PUB/SUB state in the forwarder to decide the faces over which the Notification has to be forwarded. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 9. Informative References [1] CCN Wire format, CCNX1., "http://www.ietf.org/id/ draft-mosko-icnrg-ccnxmessages-00.txt.", 2013. [2] Osseiran, A., "Scenarios for 5G Mobile and Wireless Communications: The Vision of the METIS Project.", IEEE Communication Magazine , 2014. [3] DNS Security Introduction and Requirements, DNS-SEC., "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4033.txt.", 2005. [4] Observing Resources in CoAp, observe., "https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-core-observe-16.", 2015. [5] Cisco System Inc., CISCO., "Cisco visual networking index: Global mobile data traffic forecast update.", 2009-2014. [6] Chen, J., Arumaithurai, M., Jiao, L., Fu, X., and K. Ramakrishnan, "COPS: An Efficient Content Oriented Publish/Subscribe System.", ACM/IEEE Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS 2011) , 2011. [7] Amadeo, M., Campolo, C., and A. Molinaro, "Internet of Things via Named Data Networking: The Support of Push Traffic", Network of the Future (NOF), 2014 International Conference and Workshop on the , 2014. [8] Francois et al, J., "CCN Traffic Optimization for IoT", Proc. of NoF , 2013. [9] CCNx Label Forwarding, CCNLF., "http://www.ccnx.org/pubs/ ccnx-mosko-labelforwarding-01.txt.", 2013. [10] NSF FIA project, MobilityFirst., "http://www.nets-fia.net/", 2010. [11] NSF FIA project, XIA., "https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~xia/", 2010. [12] Mosko, M., "Nameless Objects.", IETF/ICNRG, Paris Interim 2016, 2016. [13] Shang, W., Bannis, A., Liang, T., and Z. Wang, "Named Data Networking of Things.", IEEE IoTDI 2016, 2016. Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 [14] Floyd, S. and F. Kevin, "Promoting The Use of End-to-End Congestion Control in The Internet.", IEEE ToN vol. 7(4), pp. 458-472, 1999. [15] Widmer, J. and M. Handley, "TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC): Protocol Specification.", IETF RFC 4654, 2006. [16] Rizzo, L., "pgmcc: A TCP-Friendly Single-Rate Multicast Congestion Control Scheme.", SIGCOMM CCR vol. 30.4, pp. 17-28, 2000, 2000. [17] McCanne, S., Jacobson, V., and M. Vetterli, "Receiver- driven Layered Multicast.", SIGCOMM CCR pp. 117-130, 1996. [18] Chen, J., Arumaithurai, M., Fu, X., and KK. Ramakrishnan, "SAID: A Control Protocol for Scalable and Adaptive Information Dissemination in ICN.", arXiv vol. 1510.08530, 2015. [19] Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Liu, C., McCanne, S., and L. Zhang, "A Reliable Multicast Framework for Light-Weight Sessions and Application Level Framing.", IEEE TON vol. 5(6), pp. 784-803, 1997. [20] Floyd, N., Grossglauser, M., and KK. Ramakrishnan, "Distrust and Privacy: Axioms for Multicast Congestion Control.", Distrust and Privacy: Axioms for Multicast Congestion Control NOSSDAV, 1999. Authors' Addresses Ravishankar Ravindran Huawei Technologies 2330 Central Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA Email: ravi.ravindran@huawei.com Asit Chakraborti Huawei Technologies 2330 Central Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA Email: asit.chakraborti@huawei.com Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Interest Notification July 2016 Syed Obaid Amin Huawei Technologies 2330 Central Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA Email: obaid.amin@huawei.com Jiachen Chen Winlab, Rutgers University 671, U.S 1 North Brunswick, NJ 08902 USA Email: jiachen@winlab.rutgers.edu Marc Mosko PARC Palo Alto, California 94304 USA Phone: +01 650-812-4405 Email: marc.mosko@parc.com Ignacio Solis PARC Palo Alto, California 94304 USA Phone: +01 650-812-4405 Email: ignacio.solis@parc.com Ravindran, et al. Expires January 8, 2017 [Page 18]