

Computer underground Digest    Sun May 17, 1992   Volume 4 : Issue 22

       Editors: Jim Thomas and Gordon Meyer (TK0JUT2@NIU.BITNET)
       Associate Editor: Etaion Shrdlu, Jr.
       Arcmeisters: Brendan Kehoe and Bob Kusumoto

CONTENTS, #4.22 (May 17, 1992)
File 1--Some Corrections to '90 Bust Story in CuD 4.21
File 2--The Defense of Entrapment (Reprint)
File 3--COCOTS and the Salvation Army (Follow-up)
File 4--Chaos Computer Club France's hackers bibliography

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----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: Tue, 12 May 92 01:14:12 CST
From: anonymous@anon.edu
Subject: File 1--Some Corrections to '90 Bust Story in CuD 4.21

The following clarifications should be noted in reference to the
article in Cu Digest, #4.21, in the Steve Jackson Games section:

    >In July of 1989, Secret Service agents were examining electronic
    >mail records of a privately-owned computer system in Illinois
    >owned by Rich Andrews.  Those records, which contained the
    >computer equivalent of a list of all mail sent through a
    >particular post office, showed that a copy of a newsletter called
    >"Phrack" had been sent to Loyd Blankenship, the managing editor
    >at Steve Jackson Games, Loyd Blankenship, in late February of
    >1989.

Actually, the records showed that Loyd Blankenship *sent* a copy of
Phrack 24 to someone on Jolnet. He received his own copy directly
from Craig.  The source was not Jolnet.

    >1/90:  Bell Communications Research security manager Henry M.
    >Kluepfel dials into Loyd Blankenship's home BBS, the Phoenix
    >Project, under his real name.

Mr. Kluepfel was never on Phoenix Project under his real name,
according to userlogs from the day the system was taken down. He
certainly would have been *welcome* on -- The Phoenix Project had
several phone security officers and law enforcement agents already.
CuD moderators reportedly possess userlogs from TPP during its
history and can verify that there is no "Kluepfel" among the users on
any of those logs.

    >2/90:  Search warrants are given for the residences of Bob Izenberg
    >(2/20), Loyd Blankenship (2/28) and Chris Goggans (2/28), and at
    >the office of Steve Jackson Games (2/28).  The SJG warrant is
    >unsigned; the other warrants are signed by U.S. Magistrate
    >Stephen H. Capelle on the day that they're served.

Bob Izenberg was raided in 2/90. Goggans, Loyd Blankenship and SJG
were raided in 3/90.  The warrant for Loyd was also unsigned, as was
(if previous reports are correct) the warrant for Chris.

    >Three hours after the raid at another, Secret Service agents have
    >called Austin computer store owner Rick Wallingford at home, to
    >verify that he sold a pinball machine to one of the warrant
    >subjects.

It was a PacMan machine.

    >CHRIS GOGGANS:  Former employee of Steve Jackson Games.
    >Unavailable for comment.

Chris Goggans was never an employee of Steve Jackson Games.

These may seem trivial corrections, but because of the rumors and
inaccurate information about the case and its particulars, we should
assure that even minor details are correct.

------------------------------

Date: 10 May 92 20:48:10 EDT
From: Gordon Meyer <72307.1502@COMPUSERVE.COM>
Subject: File 2--The Defense of Entrapment (Reprint)

                      The Defense of Entrapment
           As it Applies to Bulletin Board System Operators

By Randy B. Singer, Esq.

For now, it is unclear how the law applies to protect speech
communicated through electronic bulletin boards. There are hundreds,
maybe thousands, of enthusiast-run bulletin boards across the country
provided for the free use of the public to exchange ideas and publicly
distributable software. The system operators of these bulletin boards
are providing a wonderful public service, out of the goodness of their
hearts, usually for no monetary gain (in fact, often at a considerable
loss).  These sysops cannot afford to fall into a gray area of the law
and find themselves having to defend an expensive criminal suit or
having to do without their computer equipment because it has been
confiscated by the police as evidence.

Running a public bulletin board can expose a system operator (sysop)
to all sorts of legal problems that have yet to be adequately defined.
For instance: What happens if one user posts slanderous/libelous
information about another user? Is the sysop liable? Is a bulletin
board more like a newspaper in this regard or is it more like a
meeting hall?  What happens if a user uploads something clearly
illegal, like child pornography, which other users download before the
sysop has a chance to review the material? Is the sysop liable? What
is the liability of the sysop if he runs a bulletin board in his/her
back room and he/she almost never monitors the activity on it? Is the
sysop required to constantly monitor the goings-on on their board to
prevent illegal activity?

It is therefore understandable that sysops have tried to protect
themselves legally the best that they have known how. Unfortunately,
there has been a lot of misinformation spread about what the law is
and how it pertains to the community of bulletin board users and
operators.  Hopefully this text file will clear up one of the most
common legal misconceptions that is going around.

I have often seen posts that evidence a complete misunderstanding of
what constitutes the defense of entrapment. As an attorney I would
like to explain this law and its application, especially as it
pertains to electronic bulletin board operators.

Entrapment is a complete defense to a crime that a person has been
charged with. It varies in how it is interpreted in each state, and on
the federal level, but generally it is as I have defined it here.

Entrapment only exists when the crime involved is the creative product
of the police. (That is, the idea to commit this crime came from a
police officer, or an agent of the police. The alleged criminal never
would have thought of committing this crime if it hadn't been
suggested to him by the police, or if the means to commit the crime
had not been offered to the alleged criminal by the police.) AND the
accused was not otherwise predisposed to commit the crime involved.
(That is, the accused probably wouldn't have committed this or any
other similar crime if the police had never been involved.) BOTH
elements must exist for the defense of entrapment to apply.

For instance: When John DeLorean, owner of the (then about to fail)
DeLorean Motor Company, was arrested and tried for selling cocaine, he
was found not guilty by reason of the defense of entrapment because,
the jury determined, the police took advantage of the fact that his
failing company made him a desperate individual. The police sent in an
undercover officer to offer him a bag of cocaine to sell to raise
money to save his company. The entire idea for the crime came from the
police; they provided the instrumentality (the coke); and John
DeLorean probably would never in his life have sold drugs to anybody
if the police hadn't shown up to offer him the drugs to sell at the
exact right time.

The reason for the law is obvious: we don't want the police setting up
desperate people to get busted just because those people are
unfortunate enough to find themselves in desperate situations. In
fact, we don't want the cops to set up any law abiding citizens, even
if they are not desperate. Tempting people who would not ordinarily
commit a crime is not what we want police officers to do.

Now that you have the definition of entrapment, let's talk about what
entrapment is NOT. I've read a lot of posts from people on boards who
think that entrapment exists when a police officer goes undercover and
does not reveal his true identity when asked. This is NOT covered by
the defense of entrapment per se. The defense of entrapment does NOT
require a police officer to reveal himself when asked. Going
undercover is something that the police do all the time, and there is
nothing that prohibits them from doing so.

If you are predisposed to commit a crime (e.g., you are already
engaged in illegal activity before an undercover police officer comes
on the scene), and an undercover police officer simply gathers
evidence to convict you, the defense of entrapment does not apply.

So, for instance, if an undercover police officer logs onto a bulletin
board and lies and says that he/she is not a police officer when
asked, and he/she finds illegal material or goings-on on this bulletin
board, then whatever he/she collects and produces against the system
operator as evidence towards a criminal conviction is not precluded
from being used against the sysop in court. At least it is not
excluded by the defense of entrapment, because in this instance the
defense of entrapment does not apply. The police officer is allowed to
act undercover, and the illegal acts were not the creative product of
the police.

Also remember that the defense of entrapment is a COMPLETE defense.
So it does not act to exclude evidence, but rather it acts towards one
of three things: having a grand jury find that there is not sufficient
evidence that a conviction could be obtained to proceed to a criminal
trial against the sysop; having the case dismissed before trial; or a
finding of 'not guilty' after a criminal trial.

The defense of entrapment also doesn't necessarily apply if the police
officer simply asks the system operator to do something illegal and he
does it. In this case the district attorney would argue that the sysop
was predisposed to commit the illegal act, especially if the illegal
act was already going on in one form or another on the board. For
instance, if the police officer asks the sysop to download to him some
commercial software, the defense of entrapment will not apply if there
is already commercial software available in the files section of the
bulletin board.

What would probably be required for the defense of entrapment to apply
would be for the police officer to have enticed or misled the system
operator into doing the illegal act, and it would have had to have
been an illegal act that wasn't already going on on this bulletin
board. This MAY allow the use of the defense of entrapment. I say
"may" because it depends on the facts in each individual situation to
see how closely they meet the requirements for the defense of
entrapment to apply. You may surmise from my reticence to commit to
saying that the defense of entrapment definitely WOULD apply that the
defense of entrapment is not a defense that I recommend that you rely
on.

I've seen some bulletin boards say something to this effect in their
logon screen: "Access restricted. Police officers must identify
themselves, and are forbidden from gaining entry to this bulletin
board." This type of message not only does not protect a bulletin
board from the police (assuming that there is something that might be
interpreted as illegal going on on this board), but it actually alerts
any police officer who may casually log on to this board to
immediately suspect the worst about this board and its system
operator. There is nothing that I know of that would keep an agent of
the police from lying about his/her status and logging on as a new
user and gathering evidence to use against the sysop.  In fact, I'm
not sure, but I would not be surprised to find in the current legal
climate that such a logon message is enough evidence to get a search
warrant to seize the computer equipment of the system operator of this
bulletin board to search for evidence of illegal activity!

At some future date I hope to write a file that will detail how sysops
can protect themselves from legal liability. (That is, by avoiding
participating in arguably illegal activity, and by avoiding liability
for the uncontrollable illegal acts of others. I have no interest in
telling sysops how to engage in illegal acts and not get caught.) But
for now, I hope that this file will give sysops a better understanding
of the law and how one aspect of it applies to them.

Disclaimer:  The information provided in this document is not to be
considered legal advice that you can rely upon. This information is
provided solely for the purpose of making you aware of the issues and
should be utilized solely as a starting point to decide which issues
you must research to determine your particular legal status, exposure,
and requirements, and to help you to intelligently consult with an
attorney. No warrantees, express or implied, are provided in
connection with the information provided in this document. This
document is provided as is, and the reader uses the information
provided here at their own risk.

(Sorry for the necessity of covering my behind! Just remember, you get
what you pay for, so I cannot guarantee anything I have written here.
If you want legal advice that you can take to the bank, you should
hire an attorney. Besides, just like everyone these days, we need the
work!)

About the Author:
Randy B. Singer is an attorney in the San Francisco bay area. He does
business law, personal injury, computer law, and Macintosh consulting. He
also gives seminars at the Apple offices in downtown San Francisco for
attorneys and others who are interested in learning about the Macintosh
computer. He can be reached at 788-21st Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94121;
(415) 668-5445.

Copyright (C) 1992 Randy B. Singer. All rights reserved. This document
may be freely distributed as long as it is not for monetary gain or as
part of any package for sale. This work may not be modified in any way,
condensed, quoted, abstracted or incorporated into any other work, without
the author's express written permission.

This reprint taken from ST Report #8.19, used with permission

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 15 May 92 16:41:38 CST
From: moderators <tk0jut2@mvs.cso.niu.edu>
Subject: File 3--COCOTS and the Salvation Army (Follow-up)

In Cu Digest 4.20, we related the problems of a COCOT (Coin-operated,
Customer-owned Telephone) installed at the Salvation Army Freedom
Center in Chicago. In brief, The SAFC, a community release center for
recently-released state and federal prisoners, had installed COCOTS
that were charging prisoners, who generally come from low-income
populations, significantly higher rates than conventional carriers.
The COCOTS utilize long distance carriers that are demonstrably not in
compliance with federal law (PL 101-435).  In the next issue, we will
provide a follow-up to the lack of responsiveness of the carriers
(U.S. Long Distance) and the billing agents (Zeroplus Dialing and
GTE).  This note summarizes the response of the Salvation Army, which
was the only organization that took the problem seriously and acted
upon it.

When we summarized events in 4.20, we had been unable to obtain
consistent information from the telecos because of multiple layers of
billing accountability and significant contradictions in information
that we were given.  We were also, at that time, unable to reach
anybody at the SAFC who could provide us with information. So, we
expressed our frustration by raising questions that we would have
asked SAFC officials. Since then, we have talked with several SAFC
personnel, and without exception they were deeply concerned about the
problem.  They had received numerous complaints from ex-offender
customers about the technical service of the COCOTS, but they were not
aware of the long distance tolls until we brought it to their
attention.  They emphasized that it was neither their intent nor their
practice to profit from telephone services. The information they
provided supports their community reputation as a viable and dedicated
organization committed to helping ex-offenders return to the
community. In response to our questions, we were told the following:

The SAFC *does not* itself own the COCOTS, and the COCOTS there are
fairly new.  The Salvation Army recently signed a contract with a
company that promised to deliver services identical to the previous
system, Illinois Bell, at no extra cost to the users. The SAFC signed
a contract when told they would receive a better commission with equal
service and no increased rates. Some sources indicated that the COCOT
phones did not, in fact, provide better service, and there was some
concern expressed by ex-offenders and others that the COCOT was, in
fact, *more expensive* for users than the previous carrier. Our own
experience suggested that, for long distance rates at least, this
complaint has substance.

The SAFC center does receive a monetary return from COCOT use. The
return is accumulated for the residents' benefit fund. This fund is
used to replace equipment, provide amenities (such as tv sets),
defray costs for special events such as the annual Christas part, and
provide modest resources for indigent prisoners in emergencies. The
profits from the COCOT are ultimately returned directly to the
prisoners, and the SAFC itself does not profit.

SAFC personell emphasized that there are still alternative (RBOC)
telephones available, and at least one telephone is available at no
charge for important calls such as obtaining job interviews.

Because the SAFC is bound by contract to their current COCOT owner,
they are not sure of their options for the long run. Over the short
run, however, they indicated that they will address the problem in two
ways. First, they will discuss the problems with the owner and attempt
to assure that the terms of the contract--equal service at no higher
costs--are met. Second, they will emphasize "consumer literacy" and
assure that their clients are aware of the differences in especially
long distance rates between the various long distance service
providers and explain that users are legally entitled to place calls
to alternative carriers if the one to which they initially connect is
not to their liking.  We have sent them a copy of PL 101-435 to assist
them in their discussions with the COCOT owner and to provide their
consumers with adequate information.

We commend the SAFC for its handling of the situation.  Salvation Army
officials were concerned that our previous post would communicate
erroneous information about the nature of the SAFC and its operation.
Both they, and others, affirmed that the SAFC is a successful,
exceptionally beneficial, and highly reputable program with only one
end in mind: To help ex-offenders.  If our previous remarks were
excessively strident, we apologize.  They have displayed both honor
and initiative in protecting prisoners from exploitation, and we thank
them for their concern. It is unfortunate that GTE, USLD, and Zeroplus
cannot follow their example.

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 6 May 92 07:27 GMT
From: Jean-Bernard Condat <0005013469@MCIMAIL.COM>
Subject: File 4--Chaos Computer Club France's hackers bibliography

Enclosed one bibliography that all the CCCF's members read all the
time in France...

Sincerely yours,

Jean-Bernard Condat
Chaos Computer Club France [CCCF]
B.P. 8005
69351 Lyon Cedex 08, France
Phone: +33 1 47 87 40 83, Fax.: +33 1 47 87 70 70.

      ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

File x: Chaos Computer Club France's hackers bibliography

Nelson, B. [Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA]:
"Straining the capacity of  the  law:  the  idea of  computer crime in
the age of  the computer worm
  In: Computer/Law Journal (April 1991) vol.11, no.2, pp.299-321
  Considers whether traditional justifications for the
  criminalization  of conduct are adequate to encompass new forms of
  'criminal'  behavior arising out of advanced computer technology.
  Describes the reactions of legislator, computer  designers  and
  users, and members of the general public who have opposed Robert
  Tappan Morris's trial a nd  conviction.  Two  prominent  and
  competing theories, retribution and utilitarianism,are  useful  in
  helping understand the conflict between two sets of social values:
  those we seek to protect by means of a criminal justice system and
  those associated with the basic principles of freedom. Nonetheless,
  neither  traditional  retributive nor utilitarian theory provides a
  clear justification for the imposition of
criminal punishment in the case of the 'crime' that Morris  committed  when
he introduced the Internet worm.  (61 Refs)


Spafford, E.H.[Dept. of Comput.  Sci.,  Purdue Univ.,  West Lafayette,  IN,
USA]: "Are computer hacker break-ins ethical?"
  In: Journal of Systems and Software (Jan. 1992) vol.17, no.1; pp.41-7
  Recent  incidents of unauthorized computer intrusion have  brought  about
discussion of the ethics of breaking into computers.  Some individuals have
argued that as long as no significant damage results, break-ins may serve a
useful purpose. Others counter that the break-ins are almost always harmful
and wrong. This article lists and  refutes  many  of the  reasons given  to
justify computer intrusions. It is the author's  contention that  break-ins
are ethical only in extreme situations, such as a life-critical  emergency.
The article also discusses why no break-in is 'harmless'.  (17 Refs)


Kluepfel, H.M.: "In search  of the cuckoo's nest-an  auditing framework for
evaluating the security of open networks"
  In: EDP Auditor Journal (1991) vol.3; pp.36-48
  In Clifford Stoll's best-selling book "The Cuckoo's Egg" he describes the
pursuit of a computer hacker who, like the cuckoo,  left  something in  the
computing nests of  other  users.  The  paper  provides  a  perspective  on
auditing networked systems to find the nest which may have an  extra  'egg'
in it or is  inviting one  because of a  breakdown in  security  design  or
practice. It  focuses  on:  the  security  implications for an increasingly
open network architecture;  the lessons  learned from  performing intrusion
post-mortems;  the  need  for  architecture  plans  and systems engineering
for security; an audit framework for evaluating security.  (26 Refs)


Raymond, E.S.: "New Hacker's dictionary"
  Publisher: MIT Press, London, UK (1991); xx+433 pp.
  From ack to zorch (and with hundreds of other entries in between) The New
acker's Dictionary is a compendium of the remarkable slang used  by today's
computer  hackers.  Although  it  is organized in reference form, it is not
a mere technical dictionary or a dry handbook of terms;  rather,  it offers
the reader a tour  of  hackerdom's  myths,  heroes,  folk  epics,  in-jokes
taboos,  and  dreams-an  unveiling  of  the  continent-spanning  electronic
communities that knit hackers together.Appendixes include  a  selection  of
classic items of hacker folklore and humor, a  composite  portrait  of  'J.
Random Hacker' assembled from the comments of over one hundred respondents,
and a  bibliography of  nontechnical  works  that  have  either  influenced
or described the hacker culture.  (12 Refs)


Arnold, A.G.; Roe, R.A.[Dept. of Philosophy & Tech. Social Sci., Delft Univ
of Technol., Netherlands]: "Action facilitation; a theoretical  concept and
its use in user interface design"
  In: Work With Computers: Organizational,  Management,  Stress and  Health
Aspects. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Human-Computer Interaction.
Vol.1, pp.191-9
  Editor(s): Smith, M.J.; Salvendy, G.; Elsevier, Amsterdam; xii+698 pp.
  The  concept  of  action facilitation,  derived from  Hacker's  theory of
goal-directed  action,  can  be  defined  as  an improvement or maintenance
of  performance  under  conditions of  decreasing  mental  and/or  physical
effort.  This concept applies to any kind  of  work,  including  work  with
computers.  A method for operationalizing this concept in  the  context  of
human-computer interaction is discussed, and it is  shown how  this  method
can  be  applied to the evaluation and design of user interfaces for office
systems.  (20 Refs)


Menkus, B.: "'Hackers': know the adversary"
  In: Computers & Security (Aug. 1991) vol.10, no.5; pp.405-9
  Abstract:  Confusion  appears  to  continue among many of those concerned
about  computer  security  about who hackers are, what they do and why they
are doing it. The author clarifies some of the terms, concepts, and motives
involved  in  the  hacker  phenomenon.  The  author  discusses the hackers'
objectives  and  their methods. He discusses some of the problems that need
to  be  resolved to in order to tackle hackers' activities. Implementing an
effective  counter  hacker strategy rests on the recognition that access to
information  is  only  granted to aid in tasks of value to the organizatio
and  that  an  organizatio  does  have the right to own and use legitimate
information. He concludes that three tactics should be employed: initiation
of  active  lobbying  by the targets of hacker activity; improved personnel
attribute  verification  on  access;  and  tracing system use activity on a
real-time basis.  (3 Refs)


Cook, W.J.: "Costly callers: prosecuting voice mail fraud"
  In: Security Management (July 1991) vol.35, no.7; pp.40-5
  Abstract:  On  August 17, 1990, Leslie Lynne Doucette was sentenced to 27
months  in  prison.  Her  sentence,  one of the most severe ever given to a
computer  hacker in the United States, was based on her role as the head of
a  nationwide  voice  mail  computer  fraud  scheme  and  her  unauthorized
possession  of  481 access codes as part of that scheme. Evidence developed
during  the  investigation  and disclosed in pretrial proceedings, revealed
that  the case was part of a broader trend toward voice mail computer abuse
by hackers. This article examines the telecommunication technology involved
and  the  ways  computer  hackers  use  and  abuse  that technology, and it
summarizes  the  investigation  that  led  to Doucette's conviction and the
convictions of other hackers in her group.


Myong, A.M.; Forcht, K.A.[James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA, USA]: "The
computer hacker: friend or foe?"
  In:  Journal of Computer Information Systems  (Winter 1990-1991)  vol.31,
no.2; pp.47-9
  Abstract:  To  most  people,  the  hacker seems somewhat harmless but the
reality  is  quite  the  contrary. Quite often, extremely sensitive data is
accessed  by  hackers  and  tampering  of  any  kind can cause irreversible
damage. Although this situation is causing great concern, the hacker is not
seen  as  the  hardened  criminal,  and  laws  dealing  with  this  kind of
'technological  trespass'  poses  the  question: 'is the hacker a friend or
foe?'  Obviously,  these  hackers  violate the security and privacy of many
individuals, but by doing so, vulnerabilities in the systems are showcased,
alerting  the  need  for  increased  security. Paradoxically, by committing
computer  crimes, these 'hackers' could be doing society an indirect favor.
The  authors  give  a  profile  of  a hacker and explain how some users and
systems  make  it  easy  for one to break into their system. Various actual
hacks are also presented.  (13 Refs)


Koseki, J.: "Security measures for information and communication networks"
  In: Data Communication and Processing, (1991) vol.22, no.4; pp.38-46
  Abstract:  The  causes  of interruptions of the information/communication
system  can  be classified roughly into accidents and crime. The factors of
disturbing  system  operations include reduction of system functions due to
traffic  congestion.  While  accidents  occur  due  to  unexpected  natural
phenomena  or  human errors, crimes are failures based on intentional human
behavior,  unjust  utilization  and destruction of the system involving the
hacker   and  computer  virus.  In  order  to  complete  the  security  for
information  and communication networks and eliminate the risk of accidents
and  crime, it is necessary to improve system functions and take harmonious
measures  viewed  from  human  and legal factors as well as a technological
standpoint.


Zajac, B.P., Jr.[ABC Rail Corp. Chicago, IL, USA]: "Interview with Clifford
Stoll (computer crime)"
  In: Computers & Security (Nov. 1990) vol.9, no.7; pp.601-3
  Abstract:  Concerns  the trials of Clifford Stoll, tracking a hacker that
was  looking  for  US  military information and then trying to convince the
Federal  Bureau  of Investigation that he had an international computer spy
on  his  hands.  As  the  system  manager,  he  was  to  track down a $0.75
discrepancy in one of the accounting systems. In his quest Stoll discovered
that  this was not the simple theft of some computer time but was something
far   greater-international   computer   espionage  aimed  at  US  military
computers.


"IT security"
  In: Wharton Report (Aug. 1990) no.144; pp.1-8
  Abstract:  As  our reliance on computer systems increases so too does the
risk  of  data  loss.  A  computer  can  be insecure in many ways: a clever
hacker,  a virus, a careless employee or a vandal can steal, destroy, alter
or  read data with relative ease. In addition to this, the proliferation of
networks  and  the  increasing  number  of  tasks given over to a company's
central  computer  have, while helping us achieve higher degrees of output,
made  our data even more insecure. The trend towards open systems will also
bring us security problems.


Schneider, E.W.[Peacham Pedagogics, Madison, NJ, USA]:  "Progress  and  the
hacker ethic (in educational computing)"
  In: Educational Technology (Aug. 1990) vol.30, no.8; pp.52-6
  Abstract:  A  hacker is someone who writes clever code on a small machine
in  something very close to machine language so that the small machine does
things   that   would   be   impressive  on  a  big  time-sharing  machine.
Microcomputers  were  introduced  into  schools  by  teachers who were also
electronic  hobbyists. Some of these teachers went on to learn programming,
becoming  true  hackers.  Due  to  unprecedented demand from industry, true
hackers  in  education  are  an  extinct  species. Other teachers developed
skills  in  keeping  the  machine  running,  and  ordering  the  latest and
greatest;   they   form   a  group  that  is  peculiar  to  education:  the
pseudo-hackers. Most computer applications in higher education have adopted
a  hacker  ethic.  They act as if educational research and medical research
used  the  same way of determining needs, funding, and performing research,
and  disseminating  the results. They expect teachers to be as motivated as
doctors,  learning about the latest techniques and adopting them as quickly
as  possible.  That  may well be the way it ought to be, but that certainly
isn't the way that it is.


Cook, W.J.: Uncovering the mystery of Shadowhawk
  In: Security Management (May 1990) vol.34, no.5; pp.26-32
  Abstract:  How  can  a  juvenile  infiltrate  some  of the country's most
classified  and  secured  datafiles? Easy-with his home PC. On February 14,
1989,  a  hacker  was sentenced to nine months in prison, to be followed by
two  and  a  half  years'  probation,  and  was  ordered to pay restitution
totaling  $10000.  On February 28, 1989, he started serving his prison term
in  a  prison  in South Dakota. If the hacker had been 18 when he committed
these  crimes,  he  would have faced a possible 13-year prison sentence and
fines totaling $800000. Facts developed during a one-week trial established
that  between  July  and  September  1987,  the hacker, under the code name
Shadowhawk,  used  a modem on his home computer to gain unauthorized remote
access  to  AT&T  computers  in  Illinois,  New Jersey, North Carolina, and
Georgia  and  stole  copies  of  copyrighted  AT&T  source  code worth over
$1,120,000.  (7 Refs)


Greenleaf, G.: "Computers and crime-the hacker's new rules"
  In: Computer Law and Security Report (July-Aug. 1990) vol.6, no.2; p.21-2
  Abstract:  The  author reflects on the international response to the case
of Robert Morris, a US hacker. He looks at recent Australian legislation on
computer crime and some legal definitions from England.


Kluepfel, H.M. [Bellcore, Morristown, NJ, USA]: Foiling  the  wily  hacker:
more than analysis and containment
  Conference  Title: Proceedings. 3-5 Oct. 1989 International Carnahan Conf.
Security Technology; pp.15-21
  Publisher: ETH Zentrum-KT, Zurich, Switzerland; 1989; 316 pp.
  Abstract:  The  author  looks  at  the  methods  and tools used by system
intruders.  He  analyzes the development of the hacker, his motivation, his
environment,  and the tools used for system intrusion. He probes the nature
of   the   vulnerable  networking  environments  that  are  the  target  of
intrusions.  The author addresses how to turn the tables on these intruders
with  their  own  tools  and  techniques. He points out that there are many
opportunities  to  learn  from the intruders and design that knowledge into
defensive  solutions  for  securing computer-based systems. The author then
presents a strategy to defend and thwart such intrusions.  (16 Refs)


Dehnad, K. [Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA] : "A simple way of improving
the login security"
  In: Computers & Security (Nov. 1989) vol.8, no.7; pp.607-11
  Abstract:  The login procedure is formulated as a test of hypothesis. The
formulation  is  used  to  show  that  the commonly used procedure provides
valuable  information  to a hacker which enables him to use trial and error
to  gain  access  to  a computer system. A general method for reducing this
information  is described and its properties studied. The method introduces
randomness  into  the  procedure, thus denying a hacker the luxury of trial
and error.  (6 Refs)


Earley, J.: "Supplier's view-considering dial-up (hacker prevention)"
  In: Computer Fraud & Security Bull. (Oct. 1989) vol.11, no.12; pp.15-18
  Abstract:  Discusses  the  practicalities  of hacker prevention. Password
protection,   data  encryption  algorithms  and  the  combination  of  data
encryption  and  access control are briefly considered. The Horatius access
control  system  and  Challenge  Personal  Authenticator are discussed.


Lubich, H.P.: "Computer viruses, worms, and other animals: truth & fiction"
  In: Output (5 April 1989) vol.18, no.4; pp.31-4
  Abstract:    Computer    viruses   can   be   classified   according   to
characteristics, especially their effects and their propagation mechanisms.
Harmless  and destructive viruses and their propagation in computer systems
are  discussed.  Related  definitions  of  virus, worm, mole, Trojan horse,
trapdoor, logic bomb, time bomb, sleeper, hole, security gap, leak, hacker,
and  cracker  are  explained.  System penetration by hackers or viruses has
been  aided  by  lack  of  system  security  consciousness, and by security
deficiencies   in   hardware   and   software  supplied  by  manufacturers.
Countermeasures  discussed  include  care in software purchase, use of test
programs, use of special security measures, and recourse to legislation.


Brunnstein, K.: "Hackers in the shadow of the KGB"
  In: Chip (May 1989) no.5; pp.14-19
  Abstract:  The  author  examines  the  question  of  whether  hackers are
criminals  or  idealists.  He sketches a profile of a typical hacker (which
turns  out to be similar to that of a professional programmer) and looks at
hackers'  work  methods,  clubs and motives. He outlines some of their more
wellknown  cases (e.g. the Chaos club, the Hannover hacker, the involvement
of  Russia in buying stolen technical secrets) and comments on the measures
being  taken  to  prevent  hackers  getting in and to make computer systems
'secure'.


Campbell, D.E. [PSI  Int.,  Fairfax,  VA,  USA]:  "The  intelligent  threat
(computer security)"
  In: Security Management (Feb. 1989) vol.33, no.2; pp.19A-22
  Abstract:  This  article  is  about  the  hacker as an external threat, a
terrorist,  a  person  who  destroys  information  for spite, revenge, some
get-rich-quick  scheme, or some ideological reason-but always with physical
or electronic destruction or modification of data as a possible end result.
The  hacker  as  a destructive force is the external threat all information
systems  are  faced  with,  and as a manager of these systems, your job may
depend on how well you defend your data against such a force.


Samid, G.: "Taking uncommon-but effective-steps for computer security"
  In: Computers in Banking (March 1989) vol.6, no.3; pp.22, 61-2
  Abstract:  System managers and security officials should take the time to
familiarize  themselves with the hackers job. Only then will they develop a
sense of their system's vulnerability. Such awareness is a prerequisite for
installation  of  a  heavy-duty  defense. No computer system is break-safe.
Therefore  computer  security  starts with identifying who will benefit the
most  from  breaking  in.  Then  the  analysis  should  assess the value of
breaking  in for the intruder. That value should be less than the effort or
cost of accomplishing the intrusion. As long as the balance cost/benefit is
kept  unfavorable  to  the  would-be  intruder,  the  system  is  virtually
break-safe.


Wilding, E.: "Security services shaken by UK hacker's claims"
  In: Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin; (Jan. 1989) vol.11, no.3; pp.1-5
  Abstract:  Discusses  the  case  of  Edward  Austin  Singh, the UK hacker
reported  in  October  to  have  accessed  some  250  academic, commercial,
government  and  military  networks worldwide. This case serves as a useful
framework  for  discussing  legal issues related to computer hacking in the
UK.


Gliss, H.: "US research systems attacked by German student"
  In: Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin (July 1988) vol.10, no.9; pp.1-3
  Abstract:  A  researcher  with  'a  hacker's  mentality'  caught a German
computer  science student from Hanover. The researcher, Clifford Stoll from
Lawrence  Berkeley  Laboratory  (LBL),  trapped  the  student  by  a  trace
connection  over the US data networks into Bremen University (West Germany)
and  from  there through DATEX-P to the individual telephone from which the
hacker did his job. The author gives a comprehensive overview about Stoll's
successful  approach,  and  the  lessons which LBL management drew from the
case.



Beale, I.: Computer eavesdropping-fact or fantasy
  In: EDP Auditor Journal (1988) vol.3; pp.39-42
  Abstract:  Equipped with a black and white television set, an antenna and
a  small  amount  of  electronics  equipment  it is possible to display the
information  from  the  screen of a terminal located in a building over 300
metres  away. This shows how easy eavesdropping can be, how inexpensive the
necessary equipment is and how readable the data received is. Clearly then,
senior  management  within  many  companies  should  be concerned about the
vulnerability of their systems and the information contained within them. A
broad  range of information currently processed on computer systems is of a
confidential  nature  and  needs to be stored and processed within a secure
environment.  This  type  of information includes financial data, financial
projections,   design  data  for  new  products,  personnel  records,  bank
accounts,  sensitive  correspondence  and competitive contract bids. Any of
this information may be valuable to eavesdroppers either for their own use,
or  so  that they can sell it to a third party. Another interested party in
this  technology is the would-be hacker. By using eavesdropping techniques,
the  hacker  will  be able to readily identify user ids and passwords which
are valid on client computer systems. This will be much more efficient than
the  techniques  currently  used  by  hackers to identify valid user id and
password combinations.


Stoll, C.: "Stalking the wily hacker"
  In: Communications of the ACM (May 1988) vol.31, no.5; pp.484-97
  Abstract:  In  August  1986  a  persistent computer intruder attacked the
Lawrence  Berkeley Laboratory (LBL). Instead of trying to keep the intruder
out,  LBL took the novel approach of allowing him access while they printed
out his activities and traced him to his source. This trace back was harder
than  expected, requiring nearly a year of work and the cooperation of many
organizations. This article tells the story of the break-ins and the trace,
and sums up what was learned.  (49 Refs)


Schechter, H.: "Dial-up network management-more than just security!"
  Conference  Title:  SECURICOM  86. 4th Worldwide Congress on Computer and
Communications Security and Protection; pp.173-8
  Publisher: SEDEP, Paris, France; Date: 1986; 476 pp; Date: 4-6 March 1986
  Abstract:  During  the  last  few  years,  worldwide  data communications
networks  have  been  besieged  by terrorist attacks, the personal computer
hacker.  As  businesses  have  aggressively  pursued  the use of the PC and
dial-up  services,  they have found that they must guard their networks and
data,  and  at  the  same time manage this dial-up network like they manage
leased  line  networks.  The  paper  analyzes  the  needs and components of
dial-up network management and security.


Troy, E.F.: "Security for dial-up lines"
  Issued by: Nat. Bur. Stand., Washington, DC, USA; May 1986; vi+60 pp.
  Abstract:  This  publication  describes  the  problem  of  intrusion into
government and private computers via dial-up telephone lines, the so-called
'hacker  problem'.  There is a set of minimum protection techniques against
these  people  and  more  nefarious  intruders  which should be used in all
systems which have dial-up communications. These techniques can be provided
by  a  computer's  operating system, in the best case. If the computer does
not  have  the  capability  to  give  adequate  protection  against  dialup
intruders,  then other means should be used to shore up the system's access
control  security.  There  are  a  number  of hardware devices which can be
fitted  to computers or used with their dial-up terminals and which provide
additional  communications  protection  for nonclassified computer systems.
This  publication  organizes  these devices into two primary categories and
six  subcategories  in order to describe their characteristics and the ways
in which they can be used effectively in dial-up computer communications. A
set  of evaluative questions and guidelines is provided for system managers
to  use  in  selecting  the  devices which best fit the need. A set of four
tables  is  included  which  lists  all  known  devices in the four primary
categories,  along  with  vendor contact information. No attempt is made to
perform any qualitative evaluation of the devices individually.  (41 Refs)


Roberts, W. [Dept. of Comput. Sci., Queen Mary  Coll.,  London, UK]:  "'Re-
member to lock the door': MMI and the hacker"
  Conference    Title:   System   Security:   Confidentiality,   Integrity,
Continuity. Proceedings of the International Conference; pp.107-14
  Publisher: Online Publications, Pinner, UK; Date: 1986; xii+232 pp.
  Conference Date: Oct. 1986; London, UK
  Abstract:  Increasing  emphasis  is being placed on the importance of man
machine  interface  (MMI)  issues  in  modern  computer systems. This paper
considers  the  ways  in  which  common  MMI features can help intruders to
breach  the security of a system, and suggests methods for enhancing system
security and data integrity by careful MMI design, aiding both the user and
the system administrator.


Murphy, I. [Secure Data Syst., Philadelphia, PA, USA]: "Aspects  of  hacker
crime: high-technology tomfoolery or theft?"
  In: Information Age (April 1986) vol.8, no.2; pp.69-73
  Abstract:  Computer  crime  is  an increasingly common problem worldwide.
Perpetrated by a growing band of people known as hackers, it is exacerbated
by  the  ease  with  which  hackers  communicate  over clandestine bulletin
boards. The types of information contained in these boards is reviewed, and
a parallel is drawn with the problem of telephone fraud also rampant in the
USA.  The  author  looks at the problem of unauthorized access to telephone
lines and personal data. (1 Ref)


Shain, M.: "Software protection-myth or reality?"
  Conference  Title:  Protecting  and  Licensing Software and Semiconductor
Chips in Europe; 30 pp.
  Publisher: Eur. Study Conferences, Uppingham, Rutland, UK; 1985; 273 pp.
  Conference Date: 7-8  Nov. 1985; Amsterdam, Netherlands
  Abstract:  The  article  reviews  the  motives  people  have  for copying
software and estimates the size of the revenue loss due to this. Commercial
software  protection  schemes  are reviewed and an account of microcomputer
fundamentals  is  given  for  those with no prior knowledge. The techniques
used  by the software hacker are analyzed and a view is taken as to whether
software protection is a myth or reality.


Mullen, J.B.: "Online system reviews: controls and management concerns"
  In: Internal Auditor (Oct. 1985) vol.42, no.5; pp.77-82
  Abstract:  The  generally  accepted  controls  for  online systems can be
divided  into  three categories: preventive; detective; and corrective. The
preventive  controls  include  sign-on  key  and  passwords.  The  periodic
changing of these controls and other preventive access controls may prevent
a  hacker  from  learning  the access system via observation. The detective
controls   include:  line  protocol,  which  defines  the  method  of  data
transmission;  front-end  edits,  routines  within  the  online-application
programs  to  detect  errors  in  critical fields; and authorization files,
online  files  containing  user  passwords.  Corrective  controls  include:
transaction  logging;  online  training,  security software; audit caveats;
audit procedures and effectiveness.


Rous, C.C. [Cerberus Comput. Security Inc., Toronto, Ont.,  Canada]:  "What
makes hackers tick? A computer owner's guide"
  In: CIPS Review (July-Aug. 1985) vol.9, no.4; pp.14-15
  Abstract:   Harmless  pranksters  or  malicious  wrongdoers?  A  computer
security  expert  points  out  the  differences and similarities-and offers
preventative  tips.  A  major  concern of most data processors today is the
threat  of  'The  Hacker'. This article attempts to de-mystify the breed by
examining  hacker  psychology.  The  focus  is  on  the distinction between
frivolous  and  serious,  or  benign  and  malicious,  hackers.  While  the
distinction  is valid, it is equally important to recognize the fundamental
similarities  between the two. In addition, no matter how benign the hacker
who  penetrates  a  system,  if  he or she has done so a more malicious one
presumably  could  too.  The  author goes on to list the different types of
hacker  and provides a detailed analysis of each one. Finally, some lessons
for owners and operators of computer systems are offered.


Haight, R.C.: "My life as a hacker" Conference  Title:  ACC  '84.  Proceedings
  of  the  Australian  Computer Conference; pp.205-12 Editor(s): Clarke, R.
  Publisher: Austr. Comput. Soc, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 1984; xx+672 pp.
  Conference Date: 4-9  Nov. 1984; Location: Sydney, NSW, Australia Abstract:
  The  author  has  been programming and supervising programmers since 1961.
  His experiences and personal viewpoint are described.

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End of Computer Underground Digest #4.22
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